The Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment

The relationship between inflation and unemployment is a topic, which has been debated by economists for decades. It is this debate that has made the opinions about it evolve. In this essay, the controversial topic will be discussed by viewing different economists’ opinions on that according to time sequencing. Inflation is an increase in price levels within an economy. Basically it means that you will have to pay more for the same goods. Unemployment is even more straightforward. It means that a person is available for employment but is unable to find employment. Lastly, the unemployment rate, which is the percentage of potential workers that are unemployed, is used to measure unemployment (Mankiw 1992). The debate about the relationship between inflation and unemployment is mainly based on the famous â€Å"Phillips Curve†. This curve was first discovered by a New Zealand born economist called Allan William Phillips. In 1958, A. W. Phillips published an article â€Å"The relationship between unemployment and the rate of change of money wages in the United Kingdom, 1861-1957†, in which he showed a negative correlation between inflation and unemployment (Phillips 1958). When the unemployment rate is low, the inflation rate tends to be high, and when unemployment is high, the inflation rate tends to be low, even to be negative. Two years later, economists Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow, who adhere to the Keynesian school of economics, also published an article, showing the sameShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Unemployment And Inflation2301 Words   |  10 PagesThe relationship between unemployment and inflation has been the subject of heated debate, stimulate academic divide between macroeconomics because the relationship is difficult to explain. Rational expectations have been proposed by the new classical school of thought, there is not even a short-term trade-off between inflation and unemployment expected. Only a compromise when inflation is unanticipated. We think there is a compromise between the two, even in the short term, regardless of the factRead MoreRelationship Between Unemployment And Inflation1947 Words   |  8 PagesThe main aim of this chapter is to examine the relationship between two economic fundamentals inflation and unemployment using ordinary least square technique. The model regress the inflation rate against unemployment rate, and money supply over the period 1991-2014. Model specification Model specification The study will use the time series data. This study investigates the relationship between unemployment and inflation in Namibia depending on the formulation provided by Blanchard (2005). TheRead MoreRelationship Between Unemployment And Inflation3391 Words   |  14 Pages[TYPE THE COMPANY NAME] Economics Assignment [Type the document subtitle] 1/18/2015 â€Æ' Table of Contents: Table of Contents: 2 Section 1: Relationship between Unemployment and Inflation 3 Unemployment: 3 Inflation: 3 Phillips curve: 4 SRPC- Short Run Phillips curve: 4 Real Life example of Unemployment in Australia 5 Section 2: Simple model of AD and AS 6 Aggregate demand and Aggregate supply: 6 What is AD or aggregate demand? 6 Consumption Expenditure: 6 Investment Demand: 7 Government Expenditure:Read MoreThe Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment On Growth1553 Words   |  7 Pages The relationship between inflation and unemployment on growth remains a controversial one in both theory and empirical findings. Originating from the Latin American context in the 1950s, the issue has generated an enduring debate between structuralists and monetarists. The structuralists believe that inflation is essential for economic growth, whereas the monetarists see inflation as detrimental to economic progress. There are two aspects to this debate: (a) The nature of the relationship if oneRead MoreRelationship between Inflation Rate and Unemployment in Malaysia1110 Words   |  4 Pageschapters, the study was discussed about the relationship between two economic variables which comprise of inflation rate and unemployment rate in Malaysia. Conclusion and discussion on the study, policy implication, limitation of the study and suggestion for future will be discussed in this chapter generally. 5.1 Conclusion This chapter is the conclusion and recommendation about the whole research regarding relationship between inflation and unemployment rate. It also concludes the whole result ofRead MoreThe Relationship between Unemployment and Inflation: Implications for Theory and Policy1279 Words   |  5 PagesThe (Possible) Relationship Between Unemployment and Inflation: Implications for Theory and Policy Introduction As with any scientific or empirical body of knowledge, the theories and facts of economics are undergoing constant testing and reevaluation, at times including major shifts in theory that reject old models and develop new understandings of economic interactions. It is arguably the case that in economics and the other human sciences such as sociology and political science that suchRead MorePhillips Curve : A Relationship Between The Inflation Rate And The Unemployment Rate Essay3200 Words   |  13 Pageshistory and overview The Phillips curve represents a relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. The Phillips curve is named after its first exponent A.H.W. Phillips who was a classical economist who first came up with this relationship. He posited that the lower the employment rate firms are forced to source for funds so as to increase wages and be able to attract labour. This in turns leads to a rise in money wage inflation. The first challenge to this theory was by MiltonRead MoreThe Existence Of Trade Off Relationship Between Inflation Rate And Unemployment1839 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestigate the existence of trade-off relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate in Namibian economy between 1991 and 2014 the perspective of Phillips curve by using the Ordinal Least Square (OLS) method. The results of Augmented Dickey-Fuller test shows that all variables are stationary at level and the integration test shows that they integrated at level I(0). The analysis result shows the negative relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate in short-run as it was expectedRead MorePhillips Curve Methodology Is Used On An Information Set Of 35 Years Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pageshelps in analyzing the relationship in the middle of inflation and unemployment. There is a non-relative negative relationship in the middle of inflation and unemployment (if unemployment is decreased than there is a rising value level in the economy). There is a long-run and easygoing relationship in the middle of inflation and unemployment over the above-mentioned period in Pakistan. There is a momentary relationship (stuns) in the short-run, while there is a lasting relationship (stuns) over the longRead MorePhillips Curve Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesEconomics: The Phillips curve shows the relationship between unemployment and inflation in an economy. Unemployment involves people who are registered as able, available and willing to work at the going wage rate but who cannot find work despite actively searching for work. Unemployment can be counted by using the claimant count which includes all those who are unemployed and actually claiming benefit in the form of Jobseekers Allowance. Inflation is a sustained increase in general price level

Sample Position Paper Free Essays

The island is called Kankakee in Japan and Oddity in China. The territorial dispute was botched in 2012 by Tokyo, led at the time by the now- discredited Democratic Party of Japan. Reacting to China’s increasingly intrusive presence in the waters around the Japanese-administered islands, and fearing that maverick former Tokyo Governor Shinto Ashier would carry through his threat to purchase the islands, then-Prime Minister Whooshing Nodal nationalized several of the islands after buying them from heir private owners in September 2012. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Position Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now China responded instantly with anti- Japanese riots and a freezing of diplomatic relations. Chinese patrol vessels and fishing boats began tense face-offs with Japan’s Coast Guard. Within months, both nations’ air forces began more active aerial patrols. One year and two months ago, China upped the ante by flying surveillance drones in such contested airspace. Japan responded by saying it would shoot down any drone that refused to leave the skies above the islands. Beijing says that any attack on its drones would be an act of war. In another sign of high tensions in North East Asia, Japan announced that it scrambled fighter jets on the 7th January 2014 to head off a Chinese civilian aircraft near disputed islands. The Y-12 propeller plane entered Japan’s air defense identification zone CADIS), but not the airspace around the Kankakee islets, before heading back to China. The incident is the first reported since China announced its own ADZ last November in the East China Sea, including the disputed islands, provoking an aggressive response from both the United States and Japan. The Obama administration immediately declared that US military aircraft would ignore the new Chinese protocols and flew nuclear-capable 8-52 bombers through the zone without informing Chinese authorities. US allies Japan and South Korea followed suit, raising the danger that an error or miscalculation could lead to a clash with the potential for escalation into an open conflict. The warfare is still continued and Japan did boost their defense budget. Controlling the use of drones for warfare is only in the hands of the nation’s leaders. China’s ambassador has accused Japan’s Prime Minister, Shinto Abe, f â€Å"raising the specter of militarism† and putting his country on a â€Å"perilous path† that could threaten global peace. Lie Gaming said Abe, who has challenged the widely held view that Japan was an aggressor in the second world war, had contributed to a dramatic rise in tensions in north-east Asia with his hawkish policies and a recent visit to a controversial war shrine. The international community, Lie warned, should remain on a â€Å"high alert†. Relations between China and Japan – which enjoy expansive trade ties – have reached their lowest point in decades over competing claims to the Kankakee islands in the East China Sea, which are administered by Japan but also claimed by China. How to cite Sample Position Paper, Papers

Physical Therapy Abdominal Surger

Question: Case Scenario Mary, a 29 year old healthy, active female, has just returned from a trip abroad. One week before returning to this country she began noticing some right shoulder and upper thoracic pain. Initially she thought it might be a mild strain since she had been carrying heavy bags throughout the different train stations and airports. Since returning home, the pain increased. She saw her physician for the problem the week after her return. An x-ray of the shoulder was normal. She was given Motrin anti-inflammatory medication and referred to physical therapy. During the physical therapy evaluation, she reported that she was in good health except for the pain in the right shoulder region. However, she did notice her urine had been noticeable darker since she had initially seen the doctor but reported no pain with urination or back pain. The objective assessment by the physical therapist was as follows: In standing the patient presented with a mild mid-thoracic spinal kyphosis. Thoracic symptoms were not provoked with active trunk movements. Passive accessory movements using central and unilateral pressures over the thoracic spine were unremarkable for pain except for some hypomobility between T5-T8. On palpation of the mid rhomboids and right upper trapeziums, tenderness was noted. Shoulder arm range of motion was restricted in the last 25% of motion in flexion and external rotation. Special test for impingement was unremarkable. Shoulder strength was normal and distal sensation intact. Based upon the findings, the physical therapist began treatment of the right shoulder. The patient proceeded with manual therapy and exercise for several visits gaining in right shoulder range of motion and noting a decrease in her shoulder pain. The beginning of the second week of therapy the patient called in sick and indicated she was not going to make her appointment. She returned on her next scheduled appointment. She reported to the therapist that during the weekend she had right upper abdominal pain and that her urine appeared to be darker and noted a change in bowel habits. In addition she began to note a slight yellowish to the skin as well as a fever from time to time. The physical therapist cancelled the treatment and notified the patient's physician of the change in status. 1. What do you think is going on with this patient? 2. What history, symptoms, and patient information clued the therapist to refer the patient back to the physician? 3. Why was therapy canceled? Explain your answer. 4. Active and passive mobility test of the thoracic spine failed to provoke any significant symptoms. During the initial assessment, what type of follow-up questions should the therapist have asked to further investigate the pain? Additional Questions:Respond to these questions using information from your textbook and your clinical practice. DoNOTrefer to the scenario above. Each question is worth 2 points. 1. Where does visceral pain occur in the abdominal region? Why is visceral pain considered hard to localize with the abdomen? 2. Define dysphagia. Other than occurring in gastrointestinal disorders, name at least two other conditions where the symptoms of dysphagia can occur. 3. Low back pain may be the only symptom associated with what type of cancer affecting the digestive system? 4. Explain the different ways of bleeding in the GI tract can be manifested and the possible causes. 5. What is the significance of Kehr's sign? 6. What areas of the body can gastrointestinal (GI) disorders refer pain to? Answer: (1) Mary, a healthy lady, just returned from the trip.The problem with the patient started as pain in right shoulder and upper thoracic region before her return to the country. As her x-ray report was normal physician suggests her to go for physical therapy and gave her anti-inflammatory drug and her pain was relieved to some extent. The patient is facing the problem of dark urination from the day beginning of her appointment with the physician, but she is not having any pain. Dark urination without any burning sensation, in this case, helps to rule out the chance of urinary tract infection. According to van Slambrouck et al., (2013), dark coloration of urine can happen due to dysfunction of liver.Bile is produced at liver and gets accumulated in the gall bladder. Excess bile excretes out through the kidney and makes the color urine darker. In this case as fever is not associated with chill the case of biliary obstruction can be ruled out (Yang 2015). T5-T8 region is the position where the liver is located. The patient is having the dark urine from the very first day and it is still continuing and additionally, her skin color is changing. Yellow discoloration of skin with fever is a symptom of liver ailment like jaundice. It takes few days to week to develop symptom of jaundice (Barr, 2013).Upper abdominal pain accompanying the other symptoms is also an indicator of jaundice. As stated by Yabluchansky et al., (2015), change in bowel habits and yellowing of skin with fever is warning symptoms of hepatitis C. Looking at the above conditions, it can be suggested that the patient is suffering from the liver related problem. (2) The patient has a history of a recent foreign trip. She also developed symptoms of upper abdominal pain and intermittent fever. A change of skin color to yellow is also reported by the therapist. The patient also informed that there is change in the color of urine and change in bowel habit. This entire series of incidents clued the therapist to refer the patient to the physician. (3) The therapy was canceled by the therapist as the condition of the patient deteriorated when she developed some other symptoms which may have risen due to some other reason. Patient has returned from a foreign trip with a history of pain in her upper thoracic and right shoulder region. Later she went through physiotherapy with anti-inflammatory medication as her X-ray report was normal. When the patient was referred to the physiotherapist she had mild thoracic kyphosis and hypo-mobility was observed between T5-T8 regions. Tenderness on palpitation of mid thromboids and upper trapeziums with normal shoulder strength was also observed before she was referred to a physiotherapist. During her second week of appointment to the physiotherapy the patient developed the symptoms of upper abdominal pain and irregular bowel movement. She also reported that dark urination problem was consistent for more than two weeks, and she is also having fever at regular interval. (4) A physiotherapist must evaluate and examine all the probable causes of the patients symptoms. A visit to the therapist for a number of times the patient was able to gain right shoulder range of motion and a decrease in shoulder pain. In this case, it was thought that the patients symptoms were due to pain in shoulder. Therapist should have asked the questions When is the pain beginning? How long is the pain sustaining? Is there any activity which is increasing the pain? Whether the pain is radiating or localized? Is there any previous injury? (1) Abdominal cavity being the largest body cavity contains the following organs liver, adrenal glands, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine kidneys, and large intestine. Abdominal visceral pain arises from visceral peritoneum. Visceral pain is hazy, crampy, tedious which is hard to describe. Visceral pain abdomen is hard to locate also (Brglum Jensen, 2012). As visceral organs are connected with spinal cords and send afferent stimuli to spinal cord. A number of nerve endings in the visceral organs of abdomen are comparatively less than other organs like skin. This is also due to widespread deviation of visceral input within the CNS (2) Dysphagia: Dysphagia is a medical term used to indicate difficulty in swallowing. This also refers to condition in which a sensation of stacking some thing in the tract from mouth to stomach. According to Tsuzuki et al., (2012) dysphagia can happen due to conditions other than gastrointestinal disorders. Lung cancer and lymphoma in can create similar type of symptoms as dysphagia. Infectious disease such as tuberculosis may also develop dysphagia like symptoms. Cardiovascular diseases like dilated auricles can also cause esophageal dysphagia. (3) Pancreatic cancer is associated with only symptoms of lower back pain. (4) Bleeding may occur in GI in different ways. Vomiting red blood or heatemesis is bleeding from upper gastrointestinal tract. Black blood vomiting is an indication of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. The color of vomitus becomes dark due to exposure to gastric acid of heme molecule of red blood cells. Peptic ulcer is considered to be the cause of black blood vomiting. Blood in stool is the excretion of fresh blood in or with stool. This kind of bleeding pattern is associated with lower GI tract due to due to hemorrhoids, colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. Black stool or melena is associated with peptic ulcer or bleeding from upper GI tract. (5) Kehrs sign is a kind of referred pain. This indicates a violent pain in the shoulder (Intravia DeBerardino, 2013). This happens due the presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity. When the pain is in the left shoulder, then it is an indication of ruptured spleen. Often this discovery is endorsed with German surgeon Hans Kher. (6) Pain can be felt at different region of body, but it can have its origin in gastro intestinal tract. Pain in upper right abdomen and right shoulder area may be due to dysfunctional gallbladder. Mild to moderate pain in right shoulder may be due to hepatitis. Manifestation of esophageal pain is heart burn or chest pain. Acute pancreatitis or pancreatic pain injury refers to the left shoulder. Gastric ulcer pain passes on to substernal region while perforated ulcer pain refers to one or both the shoulders. (Huang Azagury, 2016). References: Barr, D. A. (2013). Jaundice and liver injury: 5 case reports.Reactions,1453, 25. Brglum, J., Jensen, K. (2012).Abdominal surgery: advances in the use of ultrasound-guided truncal blocks for perioperative pain management. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Huang, L. C., Azagury, D. E. (2016). His Upper GI Tract. InMen's Health(pp. 51-67). Springer New York. Intravia, J. M., DeBerardino, T. M. (2013). Evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma.Clinics in sports medicine,32(2), 211-218. Tsuzuki, A., Kagaya, H., Takahashi, H., Watanabe, T., Shioya, T., Sakakibara, H., ... Saitoh, E. (2012). Dysphagia causes exacerbations in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,60(8), 1580-1582. van Slambrouck, C. M., Salem, F., Meehan, S. M., Chang, A. (2013). Bile cast nephropathy is a common pathologic finding for kidney injury associated with severe liver dysfunction.Kidney international,84(1), 192-197. Yabluchansky, M., Bogun, L., Martymianova, L., Bychkova, O., Lysenko, N., Makienko, N. (2015). Approach to the Patient with Disease of the Hepatobiliary Tract and Pancreas. Yang, D. (2015). Abnormal Liver Function.Handbook of Medicine in Psychiatry.